Integrated BIM design represents a paradigm shift in the building design process. Using parametric three-dimensional models, it allows simulation of building behavior in real-world conditions, testing different configurations and technological choices before construction. BIM makes it possible to integrate multidisciplinary data (architectural, structural, plant engineering) into a single virtual model and to perform dynamic energy analyses that consider the interaction between the building envelope, systems and time-varying climatic conditions. The simulations can assess seasonal thermal behavior, natural lighting, ventilation, and energy consumption accurately, allowing each design choice to be optimized.

Wellnest considers the building as an integrated system by analyzing its entire life cycle LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), which quantifies the environmental impacts of each phase, allowing design choices to be optimized to minimize the overall carbon footprint. Indicators such as GWP (Global Warming Potential), acidification, eutrophication and consumption of nonrenewable resources are assessed. The most advanced designs adopt “Design for Disassembly” principles that facilitate the disassembly and recovery of materials at the end of life, and use “material passports” that document the composition and recycling possibilities of each component.

Bioclimatic optimization of building orientation and shape is the key passive strategy for reducing energy consumption. Analysis of the solar path, prevailing winds, and microclimatic characteristics of the site determines the optimal building placement and configuration. Parametric analysis tools allow different volumetric configurations to be tested, identifying the best trade-off between exposed exterior surface area and passive solar gain potential. In some cases, strategies such as evolutionary “form-finding” are used in which the shape or conformation of a building is determined through a logical process inspired by natural processes. The goal is to achieve the optimal form that offers dynamic stability, adaptability, and sustainability in relation to specific site climatic conditions.

Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) buildings represent the most advanced standard in energy efficiency. These buildings combine a highly insulated envelope, high-efficiency building systems, and renewable generation to reduce primary nonrenewable energy demand to near zero. The design approach follows a precise hierarchy: reducing energy demand through passive strategies, maximizing plant efficiency, and finally covering the remaining demand with on-site generated renewable energy. The most advanced nZEBs achieve full energy autonomy or become “energy positive,” producing more energy than they consume, with a positive energy balance on an annual basis verified through continuous monitoring systems.

Bio-based composite materials represent the sustainable evolution of traditional building materials. CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) is made by overlapping layers of wood boards glued perpendicularly together, creating structural panels that can replace reinforced concrete with up to 80 percent reduced environmental impact. These panels offer structural strength comparable to concrete but with a lower specific weight, better seismic behavior and carbon sequestration capacity. Other innovative materials include densified wood fiber insulation, hemp and lime panels (combining thermal insulation and inertia), and biocomposites (such as mixture of rice shells, salt, and mineral oil) that offers durability similar to plastics but with drastically reduced environmental impact.

Micro-CHP systems are an efficient solution for combined heat and power generation at a residential scale. The most advanced micro-CHP (Combined Heat and Power) systems use solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) fueled by natural gas or hydrogen, which convert chemical energy directly into electricity with up to 60% electrical efficiency, recovering waste heat for heating and domestic hot water. The overall efficiency of these systems reaches 90-95%, with near-zero NOx and CO₂ emissions reduced by 30-50% compared to conventional systems. The most advanced models, such as Japan's ENE-FARM system, are sized for single dwellings (1-5 kW electric, 1-10 kW thermal) and can be integrated with storage and photovoltaic systems to optimize self-consumption and provide backup power in case of power outages.

Low-enthalpy geothermal heat pumps are an efficient technology for recovering thermal energy from the subsurface. Using vertical probes that reach depths between 80 and 150 meters, these systems take advantage of the constant temperature of the ground (about 14°C at a depth of 100m in Italy) to heat buildings in winter (by extracting heat from the subsurface) and cool them in summer (by giving up heat to the ground). The most advanced geothermal heat pumps achieve high COP (Coefficient Of Performance). Innovative systems integrate geothermal with seasonal storage technologies, storing summer heat in underground reservoirs or aquifers (ATES - Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage) for use in the winter season, increasing overall system efficiency by up to 25-30% compared to traditional solutions.

Active ventilated facades represent the technological evolution of the building envelope, transforming it from a passive element to an active component of the building energy system. These double-skin facades create a ventilated cavity between the outer cladding and the building wall, where air can circulate naturally or mechanically. In more advanced systems, the cavity houses Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) panels that generate electricity while filtering solar radiation, reducing overheating. Temperature, irradiance and air quality sensors continuously monitor conditions, while automated actuators adjust openings and closings to optimize thermal behavior: in winter by recovering solar heat to preheat ventilation air, in summer by creating a chimney effect that draws excess heat away. These systems can reduce energy requirements for air conditioning by 25-40% compared to traditional facades.

Intensive green roofs represent a sophisticated evolution of vegetated roofs, integrating layers of structured vegetation with substrate depths greater than 20 cm. These systems support medium to large plants, creating true usable roof gardens. Energy-wise, they offer additional thermal insulation with thermal resistance equivalent to 2-3 cm of traditional insulation, reducing winter heat loss by 10-30% and mitigating summer overheating by up to 60-90%. The most innovative systems integrate IoT technologies for smart irrigation, with soil moisture sensors and weather stations that optimize water supply, reducing water consumption by up to 60 percent. Some advanced systems include storage tanks that collect excess rainwater, gradually releasing it for irrigation during dry periods and contributing to sustainable stormwater management with runoff reduction of up to 90%.

Residential energy storage systems are a key element in optimizing self-consumption of energy produced from renewable sources. The latest generation of lithium-ion batteries, offer scalable storage capacities (from 5 to over 20 kWh), high energy density (150-200 Wh/kg), long life, and advanced management systems that optimize performance and safety. The most innovative models integrate hybrid inverters with anti-blackout features.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) represent an innovative technology for passive thermal storage in buildings. These materials take advantage of latent heat absorbed or released during phase transition (solid-liquid) to stabilize indoor temperature.